Anthony W Parker PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS IN COLONIAL GEORGIA:
EMIGRATION, AND SETTLEMENT
THE RECRUITMENT,
AT DARIEN, 1735-1748
by
ANTHONY WAYNE PARKER
B. A., University of Georgia, 1990
M. A., University of Georgia, 1992
A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
the University St. Andrews in Partial Fulfillment
of of
the
of
for the Degree
Requirements
PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR
a
ý
ý
UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS
1995
SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS IN COLONIAL GEORGIA:
THE RECRUITMENT, EMIGRATION, AND SETTLEMENT
AT DARIEN, 1735-1748
By
Anthony Wayne Parker
I, Anthony Wayne Parker, hereby certify that this thesis,
is in length, has been
which approximately words
by that it is the
written me, record of work carried out
by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous
for higher degree. '
application a
Candicae
Date
Ordinance No.
I was admitted as a research student under
in for the degree
12 October, 1992 and as a candidate of
Philosophiae Doctor in October, 1992; the higher study for
this is in the University
which a record was carried out
St Andrews between 1992 1995.
of and
Date Candidate
I hereby that the has fulfilled the
certify candidate
the Resolution Regulations
conditions of and appropriate
for the degree Philosophiae Doctor in the University
of of
St. Andrews that the is to
and candidate qualified submit
this thesis in for that degree.
application
Date Supervisor
In Submitting this thesis to the University St. Andrews
of
I that I for it to be
understand am giving permission made
for in the
available use accordance with regulations of
the University Library for the time being in force,
to in the being
subject any copyright vested work not
thereby. I that the title
affected also understand and
be that the
abstract will published, and a copy of work
be to bona fide library
may made and supplied any or
research worker.
Date i Candidätd'
ABSTRACT
This is the immigration three individual
groups
volume a study of of
Georgia in
Scottish Highlanders they to the
of as ventured new colony of
British North America between the 1735 1748. It the
years and examines
importance the the Altamaha River in they
of area of which settled and
frontier British America
the the
conflicts along southern of colonial
between the Great Britain, Spain, France, the Native
rival powers of and
American These the
population. struggles would necessitate organised
the the Trustees for Establishing the
recruiting efforts made on part of
Colony Georgia in America to bring Highland Scots, in to the
of particular,
first line defense.
their
province as of
The focus the text is the Scots themselves the
of on as changing
in the Highlands them to leave their
conditions motivated native glens of
Scotland to to the barrens Georgia. The thesis the
come pine of explores
these immigrants to face the
ability of challenges of a new environment
frontier Darien. It is how
the trials the
and of settlement at an account of
distinctiveness "old
their
cultural and world" experience aptly prepared
them to to in the land to in
adapt and prosper new and play a vital role
Georgia. The Highlanders Scotland
the
survival of colonial of who settled
Darien during the first two decades the have been
at of colony's existence
Georgia's history for long
to the too this
shadows of colonial and
relegated
hopes to their importance during this
establish crucial period.
work
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As that three in
with any project extends over years preparation, no
There institutions individuals to
one works alone. are several and whom
I like to To the helpful staff of the
would express my sincere appreciation.
Archives
University Georgia Library, State Georgia Department
of of of
History, University Florida Library, Georgia Historical Society in
and of
Savannah, National Library Scotland, the Scottish Public Record Office,
of
British Public Record Office, to Mr. R. N. Smart Mrs.
and especially and
Christine Gascoigne the University St. Andrews Library, I
at of wish
deep
extend my gratitude.
fine Darien, Georgia
My thanks to the
sincere go people of who
knowledge friendship,
into their their
welcomed me midst and shared and
Maurice Martha Mixson their home
especially and who opened and
Their home, "The Thickets, "
hospitality to
my wife and me on our visits.
has become home. To Mr. Bill Haynes Ashantilly Place,
of
our second
Doris Rab the Fort King George State Historic Site, Mrs.
and staff at
Mattie Gladstone "The Ridge, " Mrs. Isabel Mealing, Mrs. Geneva E.
at
Stebbins, the helpful the Darien News, I thank for
and people at you your
help.
Of thesis be
course no could accomplished without proper
I have been the
supervision and guidance and could not more pleased with
Professor T. C. Smout, Historiographer Royal Scotland
of and
efforts of
Head the Centre for Advanced Historical Studies the University
at of
of
St. Andrews, in bearing timely direction
with me and offering on my
Thank I to to Professor
research. you. also wish express my appreciation
David Stevenson the Scottish History Department the University
of at of
St. Andrews for his in the formation this
valuable assistance of work.
On I thanks for
a more personal note, cannot express my enough
the friends, flatmates, family for these
patience of my and enduring past
three To Jason, Michael Ray, Joshua, thanks for
years. my sons and
from Georgia the time
understanding my absence and allowing me away
from to finish this thesis. To Ken Sarah Laird for their
and
you
I took their daughter, from Georgia
unwavering support while my wife,
brought her to Scotland, I them debt Finally, I
and owe a of gratitude.
Lisa, love deep for her
to to
want express my wife, my and appreciation
interest the kick
patience, continued and encouragement, and occasional
in the behind to keep track. Also for her in
me on assistance proof
in judgement the I
reading and correcting obvious errors my over years,
thanks.
give my
IV
Dedicated to the
memory of my parents,
Mr. Frank S. Parker Mrs. Vonnie H. Parker
and
friend,
to teacher,
and my mentor, and
Professor B. Phinizy Spalding,
lost to during the this thesis.
all of whom were us preparation of
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
.............................
1
INTRODUCTION
...................................
Chapter
1. DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION, AND FIRST CONTACTS
IN THE LAND OF AYLLÖN 12
.......................
2. THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH AND THE CHANGING
FACE OF THE SOUTHERN FRONTIER IN AMERICA 43
...
3. THE CHANGING CONDITIONS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF
SCOTLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH
74
CENTURY; A REGION RIPE FOR RECRUITMENT
.....
4. RECRUITMENT IN THE HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND,
FERTILE FIELDS FOR GEORGIA SETTLERS 107
.........
5. THE FOUNDING OF DARIEN 140
.....................
6. DARIEN AND THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR;
THE BATTLE AT FORT MOSA 175
.....................
7. DARIEN IN THE AFTERMATH OF FORT MOSA, 1740-48 207
235
CONCLUSION
.....................................
APPENDIX A: LIST OF JACOBITE PRISONERS SENT
245
TO SOUTH CAROLINA, 1716
........................
APPENDIX B: LIST OF SCOTTISH SETTLERS IN GEORGIA 249
.
APPENDIX C: THE PETITION OF THE INHABITANTS
271
OF NEW INVERNESS
.............................
APPENDIX D: LIST OF PASSENGERS, LOYAL JUDITH 273
.....
274
BIBLIOGRAPHY
....................................
289
INDEX
...........................................
V
PREFACE
When I first began the for this it
collecting material project soon
became that there too too
apparent was much substance and many
to treatment the time
questions give adequate within restrictions and
length this thesis. Decisions had to be the
requirements of made about
the to this fascinating topic Highland Scots
parameters and approach of
in Georgia. The logical to find division
colonial most method was some of
boundaries.
those
chronology and activities and work exclusively within
In Georgia's the division defined.
unique colonial experience, was easily
During Georgia's history, the had two distinct
pre-revolutionary colony
Trusteeship Royal
phases one as a and one as a province.
--
During the Trusteeship, the Highland Scots
were recruited as a
immigrated Georgia's laws
the
group and as a community. under
the Trustees in London Slavery
authority of were restrictive. was
the Scottish laboured together. Land
prohibited, so community grants
limited thereby keeping the Darien in to
were people of close proximity
the for their i.
each other; and reason recruitment, e., military security,
kept the Highlanders together in the Highland Regiment Foot
of stationed
in the Darien. The town Darien the
and around settlement of of was
the that
centre of political, social, and economic activity and affairs would
the individual the the Scottish
affect would affect entire society of
settlement.
vi
Crown
to
however, the
This situation changed, when colony reverted
from Trustee to Royal the
During the transition government
rule
control.
(1750),
(1749),
Highland Regiment disbanded slavery permitted and
was
Darien
(1752). This that the
limitations land meant
on grants removed
With the the
the times. regiment gone, young men
society changed with
fortunes in
free to from the frontier settlement and seek their
were move
Many Darien Scots took
the Indian trade. up
other ways, such as
land from the Crown, bought into the
slaves, and moved
additional grants
The emphasis shifted from the corporate contributions of the
countryside.
during the Trustee to individual
Highland to the era
colony
community
Scots during
initiatives working within the now expanding community of
the Royal While this transition was taking place, the town of
period.
Darien but the individuals of Darien prospered under the
suffered
changes.
Scotland
from the Highlands
While the these of
progress of pioneers
frontier in Georgia to become the
to the settlement and ultimately many of
is fascinating, it
leading in the days the
citizens closing of colonial period
length
the
is Limitations of time and restrictions on of
also encyclopedic.
full treatment the the
this thesis would not allow a of contributions of
distinct divisions Georgia's
Highland Scots Darien during the two of
of
history between the Trusteeship the
period and colony under
colonial
Trustee
Royal Therefore, I to the
chose concentrate my work on
control.
frontier
initial these the
the struggles of new settlers on southern
era and
leave the further growth of the community of Darien to a later effort.
and
vii
in Scotland, the
Having the decision to research the conditions
made
Highland Scots
the the
recruiting efforts of the colony, and settlement of
As
in Georgia, I now faced a new set of challenges. any student of
leave few
tradition
Highland history
will attest, a people with an oral
from
from Scotland the
the were ranks
records and majority of emigrants
tenants in the clans. After scouring the family records and
of cadets and
housed in the Scottish Record Office the National Library
and
muniments
Scotland, I found life in the Highlands but very
considerable material on
of
little between the to Georgia and their families
emigrants
correspondence
in Scotland.
journals,
To the Darien I had to rely primarily on
study settlement
Georgia. That in itself
diaries, and the colonial records of was not a
Georgia, John Percival, the First
leading
the
problem since authorities of
Earl Egmont, William Stephens, the Secretary first President
and
of and
kept journals diaries have been
of the colony, meticulous and which
Trustees kept letterbooks to
the of all correspondence and
published' and
from the Due to time limitations and financial considerations I
colony.
1 John Percival, First Earl Egmont, Manuscripts the Earl
of of of
Egmont: Diary the First Earl Egmont (Viscount Percival), 3
of of volumes,
(London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1923); Robert McPherson,
ed.,
Trustees' Proceedings
The Journal the Earl Egmont; the
of of abstracts of
for the Establishing the Colony Georgia, 1732-1738 (Athens: The
of
University Georgia Press, 1962); William Stephens, A Journal the
of
of
Proceedings in Georgia beginning October 20,1737. To is A
which added,
State the Province, As Oath in the Court in Savannah,
attested upon
of
(London: Printed for W. Meadows, the
November 10,1740,2 at
volumes,
Readex Microprint Corporation, 1966);
Angel in Cornhill, 1742;
reprint
E. Merton Coulter, The Journal William Stephens, 1741-1743 &
ed. of
(Athens: The University Georgia Press, 1958).
1743-1745.2 of
volumes,
viii